Introduction

Database management has evolved from a specialized application to a central component of modern computing environment, and, as a result knowledge about database systems has become an essential part of an education in computer science.These concepts include aspects of database design,database languages and database-system implementation.

The term "database" originated within the computing discipline. Although its meaning has been broadened by popular use, even to include non-electronic databases.Database-like records have been in existence since well before the Industrial Revolution in the form of ledgers, sales receipts and other business-related collections of data.
The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records, or pieces of information. Typically, for a given database, there is a structural description of the type of facts held in that database: this description is known as a schema. The schema describes the objects that are represented in the database, and the relationships among them. There are a number of different ways of organizing a schema, that is, of modeling the database structure: these are known as database models (or data models). The model in most common use today is the relational model, which in layman's terms represents all information in the form of multiple related tables each consisting of rows and columns (the true definition uses mathematical terminology). This model represents relationships by the use of values common to more than one table. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships.
The term database refers to the collection of related records, and the software should be referred to as the database management system or DBMS. When the context is unambiguous, however, many database administrators and programmers use the term database to cover both meanings.